<div style="width:1280px; height:720px; overflow: hidden;"><img src="..\..\_res\_skins\page3C.svg" alt="uiSkin" height="720px" width="1280px"><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page1" style="position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_0" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/auguste-magnin-portrait_small.jpg" width="230" height="282" alt="Auguste Magnin in 1903: his only known photo" /></a></div><br/><br/><h1 style="font-variant: small-caps" >Auguste Magnin (1841-1903)</h1><br/>Auguste (Jean-Henri) Magnin is the creator of the <br/><b>Relief Model of 1850 Geneva</b>, to which he devoted <br/>a good part of his life and fortune. He was born in <br/>Geneva on 13 December 1841 into a family of <br/>merchants: his father sold fuel in the Saint-Gervais <br/>quarter. The young Auguste attended primary school <br/>and high school in Geneva, showing early on a passion <br/>for models that would guide him naturally towards <br/>architecture. During his career as an architect, he <br/>probably built only one “real” building. Instead, his <br/>professional activity was divided between teaching <br/>architectural disciplines and the realization of models. <br/>In addition to his famous Relief Model, it is known that <br/>he modeled the castle of Chillon (model missing), the <br/>English Church of Geneva (photo dating from 1896)</div><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_1" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"> and the Palais du Trocadéro in Paris (model <br/>missing). Only one photograph of Auguste Magnin, <br/>taken in 1903, the year of his death, is known. This <br/>portrait was, apparently, made to appear alongside the <br/>Relief Model of 1850 Geneva, then on exhibit at the <br/>Business School.<br/><br/><h2 >Dates</h2><b>1841</b>: birth in Geneva on 13 December.<br/><br/><b>1861</b>: admitted to the Architecture Section of the Ecole <br/>des Beaux-Arts in Paris.<br/><br/><b>1863</b>: leaves school without a diploma and probably <br/>works in an architecture studio.<br/><br/><b>1865</b>: returns to Geneva.<br/><br/><b>1867</b>: opens a workshop at 8, Rue Bonivard where he <br/>teaches architecture, technical drawing, perspective, <br/>geometry and arithmetic, modeling and the art of <br/>ornaments.<br/><br/><b>1868</b>: moves his studio to 17, Rue des Allemands <br/>(today, Rue de la Confédération), in a building (now <br/>demolished) whose façade he redrew. Works at this <br/>site until 1898. In addition to private lessons, teaches <br/>at the gymnasium and the School of Applied Art to <br/>Industry.<br/><br/><b>1869</b>: City of Geneva entrusts him with construction of <br/>the primary school of Saint-Gervaix (his only known building). </div><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_2" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><b>1873</b>: marries Françoise Redard.<br/><br/><b>1876</b>: birth of his first daughter, Julia (Aline).<br/><br/><b>1878</b>: first plans for the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva.<br/><br/><b>1879</b>: birth of second daughter, Jeanne (Françoise).<br/><br/><b>1880-1896</b>: works on the Relief Model of 1850 <br/>Geneva, with a pause in 1893, due to lack of funds.<br/><br/><b>1896</b>: The newly finished Relief Model of 1850 Geneva <br/>is shown to the public at the Swiss National Exhibition <br/>in Geneva. Auguste Magnin receives a gold medal for <br/>his work.<br/><br/><b>1896</b>: completes the Model of 1815 Geneva by Pierre-<br/>David Matthey (1752-1826) adding the defensive wall <br/>and glacis.<br/><br/><b>1903</b>: dies in Geneva on 13 March.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/magnin.svg" width="570" height="180" /></a></div><br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page2" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_3" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/dessin-d-auguste-magnin-hotel-de-ville_small.jpg" width="410" height="545" alt="Drawing by Auguste Magnin: City Hall" /></a></div><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >City Hall<br/>Drawing by Auguste Magnin, from his<br/><i>Album des monuments de Genève en 1850</i></h3><br/><br/></div><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_4" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/dessin-d-auguste-magnin-cathedrale_small.jpg" width="410" height="545" alt="Drawing by Auguste Magnin: Saint-Peter Cathedral" /></a></div><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >Saint-Peter Cathedral</h3><br/><br/><br/></div><div id="183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_5" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/dessin-d-auguste-magnin-prison-penitentiaire_small.jpg" width="410" height="545" alt="Drawing by Auguste Magnin: Prison and Maîtresse Tower" /></a></div><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >Prison and Maîtresse Tower</h3><br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="ui_183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageSelector" align="right" style="position: absolute; top: 690px; left: 860px; font-size: 16pt; width:380px; height:30px;">pages :<div id='ui_183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_spacer' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a>0</a></div><div id='ui_183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageLink_1' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707",1)' href='javascript:void(0);'>1</a></div><div id='ui_183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageNumber_1'style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; ' ><a>1</a></div><div id='ui_183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageLink_2' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707",2)' href='javascript:void(0);'>2</a></div><div id='ui_183c2518-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageNumber_2' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>2</a></div></div></div> <div style="width:1280px; height:720px; overflow: hidden;"><img src="..\..\_res\_skins\page3C.svg" alt="uiSkin" height="720px" width="1280px"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page1" style="position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_0" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><h1 style="font-variant: small-caps" >Making-of<br/>1850 Geneva in 3D</h1><br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/scanning-du-relief-de-geneve-en-1850_small.jpg" width="410" height="260" alt="Scanning the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >Digital immortality for<br/>the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva</h2>Designed and built between 1878 and 1896 under the <br/>direction of the architect Auguste Magnin, the Relief <br/>Model of 1850 Geneva is more than just a spectacular <br/>model, a masterpiece of goldsmithery. It is also a <br/>representation of fortified Geneva at a key moment in <br/>its history. In 2010, the decision was made to create a <br/>digital 3D copy of the model so that it could be <br/>reproduced in case of eventual damage. The 3D model <br/>could also be exhibited in museums and even be used <br/>to facilitate the work of surveyors – for example, to </div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_1" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">locate areas where excavations of todays’s Geneva <br/>might risk hitting the old barrier walls. But, to do so, of <br/>course, the model would have to be absolutely precise.<br/><br/>The Relief Model of 1850 Geneva is housed in the attic <br/>of the Maison Tavel (Geneva’s oldest private house, <br/>now a museum) so, first, the engineers had to make <br/>sure that the floor was perfectly stable. For a week, <br/>they observed the building’s movements using a high-<br/>precision theodolite. Once the measurements proved it <br/>to be stable, they were able to begin their work, while <br/>continuing to monitor the building for vibrations.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/nuage-de-points-du-scanning-du-relief_small.jpg" width="410" height="221" alt="Outcome of scanning: a cloud made up of millions of points" /></a></div><br/><br/>To avoid damaging the Relief Model, the engineers <br/>installed a gantry over the miniature city to position a <br/>scanner and a camera. They also gently placed 1,268 <br/>tiny markers throughout the model as landmarks. The <br/>scanner yielded a cloud of 120 million dots referenced <br/>in space - as if a mold of the Relief Model had been <br/>made using a fine mesh with an accuracy of one-tenth <br/>of a millimeter. The camera produced 1,280 high-</div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_2" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">resolution images, all perfectly identified according to <br/>orientation - enough to recreate the entire Relief <br/>Model.<br/><br/>Months of work were then necessary to extract from <br/>this cloud of points and photographs a precise 3D <br/>model of the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva. Using <br/>specially developed programs, the engineers defined <br/>the edges and angles of the three rows of <br/>fortifications, as well as some 2,000 buildings and <br/>their 40,000 windows and 8,000 skylights - not to <br/>mention fireplaces, staircases, fountains, trees and <br/>other countless details making up the miniature city. <br/>At last, the entire Relief Model was reproduced as a <br/>3D digital model faithful to the work of its creator.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/ajustement-du-modele3d-sur-le-nuage-de-points-2_small.jpg" width="410" height="320" alt="Adjustment of a 3D building on the cloud of points" /></a></div><br/><br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page2" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_3" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/modelisation3d-sur-base-dessin-auguste-magnin_small.jpg" width="410" height="294" alt="3D model of the College de Genève based on an architectural drawing by Auguste Magnin" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >A masterpiece of geometric precision</h2>In his numerous tests with cardboard models, Auguste <br/>Magnin discovered that the best method for creating <br/>his Relief Model of 1850 Geneva was to use three <br/>different reduction scales: 1/250th for the floor plan, <br/>1/200th for the heights of the buildings and 1/100th <br/>for the slopes of the terrain. This choice, due to <br/>aesthetic and educational criteria, obviously distorted <br/> the buildings and topography, especially for districts <br/>built on the slope. Because of these geometrical <br/>deformations and because it has until now been <br/>difficult to take precise measurements on such a vast <br/>and fragile model, Auguste Magnin’s Relief Model <br/>was never considered to be a tool for urban planning. <br/>However...<br/><br/></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_4" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/modelisation3d-sur-base-dessin-terminee-2_small.jpg" width="410" height="294" alt="The finished model of the College" /></a></div><br/><br/>When they began working on the Madeleine district of <br/>the Relief Model, which includes still existing buildings <br/>and a church, the engineers discovered that they were <br/>dealing with an exceptional model. When they reduced <br/>the three scales to their right proportions, enlarged the <br/>district and placed it in the official cadastre of present-<br/>day Geneva (the three-dimensional Geneva Territorial <br/>Information System, SITG), they had a wonderful <br/>surprise. The gaps between the enlarged model and <br/>the real buildings are of the order of 1.50m - minor for <br/>such an enlargement!<br/><br/>Auguste Magnin had not only created a masterpiece of <br/>art, but also a masterpiece of precision, given the <br/>instruments of his time. Although the engineers still <br/>have no idea how the architect was able to achieve <br/>this feat, they quickly realized that they could use the</div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_5" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/college-calvin-dessin-ancien-2_small.jpg" width="410" height="294" alt="Old drawing of the College de Genève" /></a></div><br/><br/>model to produce a complete 3D model of 1850 <br/>Geneva based on the Swiss national coordinate <br/>system. Even better, they could recreate the walled city <br/>virtually, making it available to the public for visit on <br/>the Internet.<br/><br/>To help them in their work, they could rely not only on <br/>scanner data and photographs, but also on the tens of <br/>thousands of archival images held in the Iconographic <br/>Center of the Geneva Library (CIG) - old photographs <br/>taken in the streets of Geneva in 1848, plans and <br/>drawings made by Auguste Magnin himself of <br/>remarkable buildings, engravings and paintings of the <br/>time, as well as 19th century topographic plans and <br/>cadastres. All potentially useful material was carefully <br/>scanned by the CIG.</div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page3" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_6" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><h2 >Putting the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva<br/>on the official cadastre</h2>However, no computer software existed able to take <br/>into account the three scales of the Relief Model of <br/>1850 Geneva, bring them back to their right <br/>proportions, enlarge all the elements of the model and, <br/>finally, match the whole to coordinates of the national <br/>map of Switzerland. So, most of the programs needed <br/>had to be written. One particular problem the <br/>engineers confronted was the difference in scale <br/>between the slope of the land and the height of the <br/>buildings. <br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/modelisation-5-blocs_small.jpg" width="410" height="199" alt="Control of the adjustment of city blocks and buildings" /></a></div><br/><br/>To accomodate the steepest streets of his model, <br/>Auguste Magnin had split the alignments of buildings <br/>into several sections; thus, contiguous buildings in the <br/>model have roofs like staircases, whereas the real <br/>rooflines are continuous. To digitalize the city, <br/>engineers had to work facade by facade to avoid <br/>giving their model windows that were diagonal or <br/>doors half-buried in the ground.</div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_7" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/controle-des-corrections-des-trois-echelles_small.jpg" width="410" height="277" alt="Control after correct sizing of the model’s three reduction scales" /></a></div><br/><br/>It was also necessary to adjust certain defects in the <br/>alignment of the 118 blocks that make up the Relief <br/>Model. Auguste Magnin made his 30m2 model in <br/>several parts that were then assembled. He did this for <br/>two reasons: first, to facilitate the minute work of the <br/>craftsmen who shaped the buildings, and, second, to <br/>make it easier to move the model, weighing 680 kilos. <br/>But, as the Relief Model has been dismantled and <br/>rebuilt several times since its completion in 1896, the <br/>edges of the blocks have suffered and today’s <br/>junction is not ideal.<br/><br/>Each block of the miniature town, therefore, had to be <br/>treated separately, street by street, building by <br/>building. Although a large part of operations could be <br/>automated, many details and fittings had to be <br/>adjusted by hand. Without the help of historians who <br/>specialize in Geneva’s monuments, the engineers </div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_8" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">would not have succeeded. Invaluable help also came <br/>from their colleagues of the 19th Century: the <br/>engineers consulted such works as the “Céard Map” <br/>of 1840, 30 detailed maps at 1/240 scale drawn by the <br/>surveyor François Janin, and the “Album des <br/>monuments de Genève en 1850”, an entire series of <br/>maps and magnificent architectural drawings drawn <br/>by Auguste Magnin himself.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/modele-3d-maquette-blanche_small.jpg" width="410" height="242" alt="Model of a quarter of 1850 Geneva before details were added" /></a></div><br/><br/>In all, 16 months were required to digitalize the 118 <br/>blocks of the Relief Model, to check them, have them <br/>validated by the official cadastral survey office and, <br/>finally, to transfer them to the cadastre of Geneva. The <br/>result is a complete model of 1850 Geneva in 3D, <br/>based on the model of Auguste Magnin, perfectly <br/>integrated into the numerical model of the territory and <br/>the official cadastre. So, it is possible to see which <br/>buildings or parts of fortifications have disappeared, <br/>which have been transformed and which are still <br/>intact. It is also possible now to know where parts of </div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page4" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_9" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">the thick walls remain buried underground, relics of the <br/>filling in of the city’s moats that began in 1850.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/modelisation-texturee-d-un-quartier-2_small.jpg" width="410" height="250" alt="Adding texture to a group of buildings" /></a></div><br/><h2 ><br/>Breathing life into the<br/>1850 Geneva Relief Model</h2>The 3D model of 1850 Geneva is a blank, featureless <br/>city, without texture or color, as if cast in plaster. To <br/>give it atmosphere in keeping with its time took the <br/>collaboration of specialists from several disciplines - <br/>geometers, geomaticians, historians and 3D <br/>designers. <br/><br/>First, the specialists built a documentary base to <br/>create their materials, looking for elements of <br/>construction little changed since 1850 - paving <br/>stones, tiles, plaster, doors and windows, etc. - and <br/>photographing them from every angle. In total, some <br/>50 materials were recreated numerically. Each </div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_10" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">material was then given three variations of <br/>deterioration: clean, slightly dirty, worn. In addition, <br/>subtle variations were added randomly to prevent the <br/>virtual city from looking too uniform. Specially <br/>developed computer algorithms facilitated this <br/>repetitive work, but the tight, connected buildings of <br/>old Geneva offer many special cases and, for the sake <br/>of detail, the specialists had to do much of the work <br/>“by hand”, keeping an eye on the iconography <br/>center’s precious archival images.<br/><br/>The varieties of trees and other vegetation that grew in <br/>the city and on its walls were selected with the help of <br/>botanists from the Geneva Conservatory and Botanical <br/>Gardens based on documents of the time.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/photo-porte-de-neuve-2_small.jpg" width="410" height="320" alt="Photo of the city gate Porte de Neuve in 1850" /></a></div><br/></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_11" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/decor-virtuel-des-environs-de-la-Geneve-en-1850_small.jpg" width="410" height="275" alt="Virtual landscape of 1850 recreated around Geneva" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >Setting 1850 Geneva<br/>into its historic landscape</h2>As the 3D model of 1850 Geneva took on color, the <br/>specialists soon became convinced that the fortified <br/>city would be much better if set in the landscape of its <br/>time. The mountains were not too difficult to <br/>reconstruct: the Jura Range, Salève and nearby Alps <br/>have scarcely changed since 1850. However, a large <br/>part of the sparsely populated countryside that once <br/>surrounded Geneva has been urbanized.<br/><br/>Here again, the problem was overcome thanks to a <br/>colleague from the 19th century, Jean-Rodolphe <br/>Mayer. Between 1828 and 1831, this surveyor mapped <br/>the entire canton of Geneva on a scale of 1:15,000, <br/>indicating in detail not only buildings, roads and rivers, <br/>but also the nature of the land: fields, forests, </div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page5" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_12" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">vineyards, gravel pits, meadows, gardens, etc. Period <br/>engravings and paintings served as additional sources <br/>of information. The work was greatly facilitated by the <br/>immense resources of the Geneva Territorial <br/>Information System (SITG), containing many <br/>historical maps perfectly aligned with modern <br/>topography.<br/><br/>To render the landscape of 1850 Geneva, the <br/>specialists did not take the easy path: all the elements <br/>close to the city walls are in 3D. Based on the advice <br/>of botanists, hundreds of thousands of 3D trees and <br/>bushes were “planted”. As for the blades of 3D grass, <br/>they number in the billions...<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/les-bastions-gravure-photo-maquette-modele3d_small.jpg" width="410" height="290" alt="Four views of Bastions Park: old engraving, 19th century photo, model made by Auguste Magnin and modern 3D Model" /></a></div><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >Four views of Bastions Park: old engraving, 19th century photo, model made by Auguste Magnin and modern <br/>3D Model</h3><br/></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_13" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><h2 >Preparing 1850 Geneva<br/>for a walk on the Web</h2>As the 3D model of 1850 Geneva was being dressed <br/>up through virtual reality, a team of computer <br/>scientists were working on the tools that would be <br/>necessary to visit – on the Internet – the ancient <br/>walled city. Named PromenAdd, this original <br/>technology deploys both real-time 3D (as used in <br/>video games) and pre-calculated 3D (as used in <br/>cinema). <br/><br/>For the virtual visit, the user does not need to <br/>download software: an ordinary computer, with a <br/>standard connection speed, is sufficient. Moving <br/>around the city is a bit like browsing in Google Street <br/>View. However, in the model of 1850 Geneva, the <br/>steps are much shorter and the images are better <br/>defined. And one can even hover in the sky to enjoy a <br/>view overlooking the city and its surroundings. In total, <br/>the surfer can walk along 1,333 paths and stop at 963 <br/>crossings offering as many points of interest.<br/><br/>An Internet user walking through the streets of 1850 <br/>Geneva sees some 200,000 different views. To <br/>generate all these high-resolution images from the 3D <br/>model, 16 powerful servers worked for six months - a <br/>workload comparable to producing two Hollywood <br/>movies in 3D. The light chosen to illuminate the walled <br/>city and its surroundings is that of a summer morning <br/>in June at 10 am.</div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_14" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/geneve-1850-vue-du-lac_small.jpg" width="410" height="345" alt="1850 Geneva seen from the lake" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >A big step forward<br/>in the digital humanities era</h2>As one might imagine, the 3D model of 1850 Geneva <br/>differs from historical reality, being based largely on <br/>the model made by Auguste Magnin. It is a pristine <br/>city, (for now) depopulated, whose buildings have a <br/>somewhat uniform appearance, particularly the doors, <br/>windows and chimneys. To get a better idea of the city <br/>of the time, one must look at photographs of the 19th <br/>century: the houses blackened by coal smoke, the <br/>often dilapidated facades with advertisements, the <br/>streets cluttered with merchandise and drying linen, <br/>the cobbled-together wooden out-buildings for </div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page6" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_15" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">increased living and work space. Nevertheless, the 3D <br/>model offers a good idea of the walled city of 1850 <br/>and its surroundings. It is a solid documentary base <br/>capable of evolving towards greater historical reality, a <br/>step into the Digital Humanities era, this new field of <br/>research, engineering and teaching that combines the <br/>humanities and technology to disseminate knowledge.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/geneve-1850-avec-icones-de-navigation_small.jpg" width="410" height="350" alt="View of 1850 Geneva with navigations icons" /></a></div><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >Into the virtual world of 1850 Geneva,<br/>one can add old photos, texts and <br/>commentary… Making all sorts of<br/>information available at the very spot <br/>where it needs to be found</h3><br/><br/></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_16" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><h2 >Next step: a 3D wiki around 1850 Geneva</h2>Having formed the gE-story Association, the main <br/>participants in 1850 Geneva project do not want to <br/>stop here. Once they have funding, they plan to adapt <br/>Internet tools to allow authorized contributors to add <br/>to the city’s décor, adding all kinds of information <br/>linked to the history of its sites and to the development <br/>of urbanization – starting with the thousands of <br/>images waiting to be made use of in the archives of <br/>the Iconography Center of the Geneva Library (CIG). <br/>When that happens, the website www.geneve1850.ch <br/>will make Internet history, showing that it is possible to <br/>create a sort of 3D Wikipedia where information is <br/>found in its natural place, where one can navigate <br/>freely through documents that take you to the virtual <br/>space concerned, and where browsing is open to all – <br/>without the need to download any particular software.<br/><br/>A small step has already been taken: in the streets and <br/>along the walls of 1850 Geneva, one can already <br/>access some hundred explanatory sheets (in PDF <br/>format; for now, only in French) to obtain historical <br/>information on the most interesting buildings and <br/>artworks. A final note: the list of these remarkable <br/>monuments was drawn up by Auguste Magnin <br/>himself.<div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/makingof.svg" width="530" height="130" /></a></div><br/></div><div id="8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_17" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/comparaison-3d-et-photo-ancienne-b_small.jpg" width="410" height="276" alt="Old photo" /></a></div><br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/comparaison-3d-et-photo-ancienne-a_small.jpg" width="410" height="276" alt="1850 Geneva model in 3D" /></a></div><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >Comparison between an old photo<br/>and the 1850 Geneva model in 3D</h2></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageSelector" align="right" style="position: absolute; top: 690px; left: 860px; font-size: 16pt; width:380px; height:30px;">pages :<div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_spacer' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a>0</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_1' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",1)' href='javascript:void(0);'>1</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_1'style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; ' ><a>1</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_2' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",2)' href='javascript:void(0);'>2</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_2' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>2</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_3' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",3)' href='javascript:void(0);'>3</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_3' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>3</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_4' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",4)' href='javascript:void(0);'>4</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_4' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>4</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_5' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",5)' href='javascript:void(0);'>5</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_5' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>5</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_6' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",6)' href='javascript:void(0);'>6</a></div><div id='ui_8d9f21de-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_6' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>6</a></div></div></div> <div style="width:1280px; height:720px; overflow: hidden;"><img src="..\..\_res\_skins\page3C.svg" alt="uiSkin" height="720px" width="1280px"><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page1" style="position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_0" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><h1 style="font-variant: small-caps" >To download</h1><br/><br/><br/><h2 >Press kit</h2><a href="../../telechargements/geneva1850-articles-pdf.zip" target="_blank">.ZIP file with 5 articles (in PDF) on the Making Of, the <br/>August Magnin Relief Model, etc. –10Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/geneva1850-pictures.zip" target="_blank">.ZIP file with 37 illustrations of the project, most in <br/>high-resolution –180Mo</a><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><h2 >Posters</h2>Virtual images of 1850 Geneva<br/>in high-resolution (for print up to A0 format)<br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-vue-en-plan.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-06.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>65Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-et-le-lac-vus-du-ciel.jpg" target="_blank"></div><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_1" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-01.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>63Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-la-rive-gauche-vue-du-ciel.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-04.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>57Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/geneve1850-rive-droite-vue-de-haut.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-12.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>59Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-le-parc-des-bastions-vu-de-haut.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-05.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>64Mo</a><br/><br/></div><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_2" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-la-rive-gauche-vue-depuis-le-lac.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-03.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>45Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-vue-du-cote-de-saint-gervais.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-07.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>44Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-vue-depuis-la-jonction.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-09.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>44Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-vue-depuis-la-porte-de-rive.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-08.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>53Mo</a><br/><br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page2" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_3" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-vue-sur-la-cathedrale-et-la-porte-de-rive.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-10.jpg" width="114" height="169" /></div><br/>54Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-parc-des-bastions-vu-de-face.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-11.jpg" width="114" height="169" /></div><br/>69Mo</a><br/><br/><a href="../../telechargements/poster-geneve1850-la-cathedrale-vue-de-haut.jpg" target="_blank"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><img src="../../_res/_img/poster-02.jpg" width="169" height="114" /></div><br/>38Mo</a><br/></div><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_4" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/openGE1850.svg" width="385" height="135" /></a></div><br/><br/></div><div id="490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_5" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><h2 >General conditions<br/>for downloading and using data</h2>Between 2014 and 2017, the Auguste Magnin Relief <br/>Model Project Association (PRAM) developed a <br/>virtual 3D representation of 1850 Geneva, thanks to <br/>financial backing from a Geneva foundation that <br/>wishes to remain anonymous. The data presents a <br/>veritable copy in true dimension of the Relief Model of <br/>1850 Geneva, itself a masterpiece of architectural <br/>modeling exhibited at the Maison Tavel in Geneva. The <br/>3D representation, accessible free of charge to any <br/>Internet user through www.geneve1850.ch, offers a <br/>virtual walk through the Geneva of that time.<br/>In addition, all images, photographs, and other content <br/>on the website www.geneve1850.ch can be <br/>downloaded free of charge upon acceptance of the <br/>general conditions. Downloading must imperatively <br/>respect morals and ethics and implies unreserved <br/>adherence to the general conditions of use. See <br/><a href="http://ge.ch/sitg/donnees/conditions-d-utilisation/open-data" target="_self">http://ge.ch/sitg/donnees/conditions-d-<br/>utilisation/open-data</a>.</div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="ui_490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageSelector" align="right" style="position: absolute; top: 690px; left: 860px; font-size: 16pt; width:380px; height:30px;">pages :<div id='ui_490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_spacer' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a>0</a></div><div id='ui_490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageLink_1' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707",1)' href='javascript:void(0);'>1</a></div><div id='ui_490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageNumber_1'style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; ' ><a>1</a></div><div id='ui_490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageLink_2' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px;'><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707",2)' href='javascript:void(0);'>2</a></div><div id='ui_490a8930-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageNumber_2' style='position: relative; left: -10px; display: inline-block; width: 10px; color: white; visibility: hidden'><a>2</a></div></div></div> <div style="width:1280px; height:720px; overflow: hidden;"><img src="..\..\_res\_skins\page3C.svg" alt="uiSkin" height="720px" width="1280px"><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page1" style="position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_0" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><br/><h1 style="font-variant: small-caps" >The Relief Model <br/>of 1850 Geneva, <br/>First reconstruction in 3D <br/>of an historical city</h1><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/le-relief-de-geneve-en-1850-03_small.jpg" width="410" height="304" alt="The Relief Model of 1850 Geneva" /></a></div><br/><br/>Imagined in 1878 and completed in 1896, the Relief <br/>Model of 1850 Geneva is a vast (30m2: 7.25m x <br/>5.25m) elliptical model in metal, wood and glass. It <br/>shows the city of Geneva still protected by three rows <br/>of fortifications, just before the dismantling of its walls <br/>and the filling in of its moats would begin. The Relief <br/>Model of 1850 Geneva is the first reconstruction of an <br/>historical city in three dimensions.</div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_1" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><h2 >A cultural asset and a masterpiece<br/>of fine metal work</h2>The plans of the 1850 Geneva Relief Model were <br/>designed by Geneva architect Auguste Magnin (1841-<br/>1903) with the help of a draftsman, Charles Reuter. <br/>The model was made by a goldsmith and several <br/>precision mechanics (a certain Mr. Eichenberger and, <br/>most likely, Jacob Maurer), as well the help of a <br/>carpenter (a Mr. Cornaz of the Larrivaz company). <br/>Due to its large size, geometric precision and fine <br/>detail, this model is a cultural asset of national <br/>importance and a metal-worker’s masterpiece: its <br/>2,000 buildings, with 40,000 windows and 8000 <br/>skylights, have zinc walls and copper roofs; its 1,500 <br/>trees are made of zinc or tin cast iron; textural effects <br/>for tiles, stones and pavers were achieved by <br/>electroplating.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/le-relief-de-geneve-en-1850-04_small.jpg" width="410" height="267" alt="The Relief Model of 1850 Geneva" /></a></div><br/></div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_2" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">The Relief Model of 1850 Geneva weighs 630kg not <br/>counting the wooden framework that supports it. The <br/>model can be dismantled into 118 independent blocks <br/>– many of which correspond to residential quarters - <br/>that fit together like the pieces of a puzzle.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/le-relief-de-geneve-en-1850-detail-03_small.jpg" width="410" height="314" alt="Detail of the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >Great reconstitution work</h2>To design the 1850 Geneva Relief Model and draw up <br/>its plans, Auguste Magnin researched the city <br/>cadastre, archives and public and private collections. <br/>To reconstruct lost buildings, artworks and <br/>fortifications, he consulted maps, plans, engravings, <br/>paintings and the very first photographs taken in <br/>Geneva in 1848. To ensure the accuracy of his plans, <br/>he himself noted the positions of still existing </div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page2" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_3" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">buildings. And he made remarkable ink drawings of the <br/>principal buildings of the city, creating a magnificent <br/>album (Album des monuments de Geneva en 1850). <br/>This unique document is now owned by the City of <br/>Geneva.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/bloc-du-relief-demonte-pour-restauration-1981-1984_small.jpg" width="410" height="278" alt="A section of the Relief Model taken apart for restauration in 1981-1984" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >Inventing the three scales</h2>Using elements of a cardboard model, Auguste <br/>Magnin spent many months studying how to draw the <br/>fortified city to scale. He wanted to offer a realistic <br/>view of the city as if seen from above by a giant. After <br/>many tests, the architect decided on a system using <br/>three different scales: 1/250th for the plan, 1/200th for <br/>the heights of the buildings and 1/100th for the slope <br/>of the terrain. By exaggerating the slope twice and the <br/>height of the buildings by a quarter, the architect could <br/>offer spectators a realistic view of the organization of </div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_4" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">the city walls and quarters, while allowing them to <br/>easily identify important buildings, such as the <br/>cathedral. <br/><br/>This technique of the three scales would be taken up a <br/>few decades later by Paul Bigot (1870-1942) and <br/>Italo Gismondi (1887-1974), who devoted a good part <br/>of their lives to realizing the famous great models of <br/>ancient Rome that can be seen today at the <a href="http://www.museociviltaromana.it" target="_blank">Museo <br/>della Civiltà Romana</a>.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/plan-pour-decoupe-d-un-groupe-de-maisons_small.jpg" width="410" height="295" alt="Instructions by Auguste Magnin for making a section of houses (facades and roofs)" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >Completed in extremis</h2>Due to financing difficulties, the Relief Model of 1850 <br/>Geneva was completed just in time to be installed in <br/>the Pleasure Park of the Swiss National Exhibition, <br/>held on Geneva’s Plainpalais between 1 May-</div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_5" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">18 October 1896. Subsequently, the model was <br/>dismantled and it was not until 1901 that it was shown <br/>again to the public in Geneva’s new Business School. <br/><br/>In 1910, the imposing model was transferred to the <br/>new Museum of Art and History, where it would be <br/>admired by generations of Geneva students. In 1981, it <br/>underwent four years of meticulous restoration. In <br/>1984, it returned to public view in its current location, <br/>the attic of Tavel House, the oldest private house in <br/>the city, now a museum.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/relief-de-geneve-en-1850-detail-08_small.jpg" width="410" height="395" alt="Detail of the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva" /></a></div><br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_page3" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_6" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">During these moves, a few elements of the model were <br/>lost: the blue glass symbolizing Lake Geneva, the <br/>Rhone and the Arve; the floating-laundries near the <br/>island (visible in photographs of the model of 1892); <br/>and the lateen-sail boats on the lake (visible in <br/>photographs of 1896).<br/><br/><h2 >Testimony for future generations</h2>If Auguste Magnin put so much energy, money and <br/>talent into the construction of the Relief Model of 1850 <br/>Geneva, it was because he wanted to offer future <br/>generations a testimony to the history of their city. <br/>With its imposing walls and tightly constructed <br/>buildings, fortified Geneva was not only picturesque; <br/>its fortifications reflected the Protestant republic’s <br/>centuries of resistance to Catholic enemies. Its vast <br/>defenses, occupying half of its territory, had <br/>demanded immense human and financial investments. <br/>The political decision to destroy them, to enlarge the <br/>city and open it to the world, was not an easy one to <br/>take.<br/><br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/relief.svg" width="390" height="150" /></a></div><br/></div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_7" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/la-demolition-des-fortifications-2_small.jpg" width="410" height="236" alt="James Fazy supervising the dismantling of the city walls in 1850" /></a></div><br/><br/><h2 >Portrait of a city at a<br/>turning point in its history</h2>Thus, the Relief Model of 1850 Geneva is the portrait <br/>of a city at an important turning point in its history. In <br/>1846, the city had lived through a revolution that <br/>resulted in a new cantonal constitution and the coming <br/>to power of a majority determined to make social <br/>progress. In 1849, after long discussions, the new <br/>Grand Council voted to dismantle the fortifications and <br/>fill in the moats. The aim was, on the one hand, to <br/>remove barriers between the upper (bourgeois) and <br/>lower (working class) parts of town and, on the other, <br/>to allow the construction of new neighborhoods. At the <br/>time, like many European cities, Geneva faced a large <br/>increase in its population due to the rising birth rate <br/>and immigration.<br/><br/>The year 1850, then, was a true turning point in the <br/>history of Geneva, which would rapidly transform into </div><div id="95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_8" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;">a cosmopolitan city open to the world. Indeed, the <br/>population of the city would double in just 30 years.<br/><br/><h2 >Price of the Relief Model:<br/>60,000 francs of the time<br/>(CHF 2.5mn today)</h2>Auguste Magnin worked on the Relief Model of 1850 <br/>Geneva at his own expense from 1880-1890, devoting <br/>30,000 francs of his personal fortune. (By comparison, <br/>the annual salary of a postman at the time was about <br/>1,600 francs). To complete the work, half of which <br/>remained to be done, and to reimburse himself for the <br/>half already finished, Magnin sold the Relief Model to <br/>the City of Geneva. In all, the model cost 60,000 <br/>francs: 30,000 francs repaid by the Canton of Geneva <br/>and the City of Geneva; 28,000 francs raised by public <br/>subscription; and the remaining 2,000 francs <br/>contributed by Auguste Magnin himself through the <br/>sale of his Album des Monuments de Genève en 1850 <br/>to the Auxiliary Society of Art and Letters. This large, <br/>unique album contains descriptions, plans and <br/>drawings in elevation of the city’s main buildings and <br/>public art. It can be consulted at the Iconography <br/>Center of the Geneva Library (CIG).<br/><br/><b>See the Relief Model</b><br/>Maison Tavel<br/>Rue du Puits-Saint-Pierre 6<br/>CH-1204 Geneva<br/>SWITZERLAND<br/>11h-18h, closed Monday<br/>Tel. +41 22 418 37 00 • mah@ville-ge.ch <br/><a href="http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/mah/lieux-dexposition/maison-tavel/" target="_blank">www.mah-geneve.ch</a></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="ui_95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageSelector" align="right" style="position: absolute; top: 690px; left: 860px; font-size: 16pt; width:380px; height:30px;">pages :<div id='ui_95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_spacer' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a>0</a></div><div id='ui_95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageLink_1' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707",1)' href='javascript:void(0);'>1</a></div><div id='ui_95b269f1-a501-11e7-b4f9-00155df40707_pageNumber_1'style='position: relative; 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overflow: hidden;"><img src="..\..\_res\_skins\page3C.svg" alt="uiSkin" height="720px" width="1280px"><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page1" style="position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_0" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><h1 style="font-variant: small-caps" >Contributors to the<br/>August Magnin Relief Project <br/>(pram)</h1><br/>This vast project was made possible thanks to the <br/>enthusiasm and collaboration from both the public and <br/>private sector: Canton of Geneva, City of Geneva, <br/>HEPIA (Haute école du paysage, d’ingénierie et <br/>d’architecture de Genève), private companies and <br/>independent specialists.<br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/orthophoto-geneve-2015_geneve-1850_small.jpg" width="390" height="390" alt="The Relief Model of 1850 Geneva superimposed on an orthophoto of Geneva in 2015" /></a></div><br/><br/></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_1" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><h2 >PRAM 1 - Sauvegarde numérique du Relief <br/>Auguste Magnin, faisabilité technologique <br/>de modélisation en 3D et de vue piétonne <br/>sur le web</h2><br/><b>Nous remercions le Groupe Survey (CERN)<br/> pour ses précieux conseils</b><br/><br/>Dominique MISSIAEN, Chef de la section Métrologie <br/>des Grandes Dimensions (CERN)<br/><br/>Christian LASSEUR, Chef de section Métrologie <br/>des Expériences (CERN)<br/><br/><b>Protection des biens culturels</b><br/> <br/>Thierry SCHMID <br/>Responsable technique protection des biens culturels, <br/>Département de la sécurité et de l’économie - <br/>République et canton de Genève<br/> <br/><b>Coordination des travaux<br/>du Projet Relief Auguste Magnin</b><br/> <br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Pilote administratif et technique, ingénieur <br/>géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, géomatique, Genève<br/><br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Copilote technique, Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe <br/>INSA - TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_2" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><b>Construction d'un bras porteur<br/>pour le scanner et numérisation du Relief</b><br/> <br/>Yves LEUZINGER <br/>Directeur - Haute école du paysage, d'ingénierie et <br/>d'architecture de Genève (HEPIA)<br/><br/>Jacques RICHARD <br/>Professeur HES - Haute école du paysage, <br/>d'ingénierie et d'architecture de Genève<br/><br/>Hervé STHIOUL <br/>Assistant - Haute école du paysage, <br/>d'ingénierie et d'architecture de Genève (HEPIA)<br/><br/>Eric VITTECOQ <br/>Professeur HES - Haute école du paysage, <br/>d'ingénierie et d'architecture de Genève<br/> <br/><br/><b>Construction d'un bras porteur<br/>pour appareil de photographie</b><br/> <br/>Blaise LAMBERT*<br/>Photographe, infographie 3D - indépendant, Genève<br/><br/>Didier SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur mécanicien et roboticien, Géocéan SAS, <br/>Cassis, France<br/><br/>Joseph VÉNÉZIALE<br/>Indépendant, Saint-Julien-En-Genevois <br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page2" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_3" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><b>Photographies</b><br/><br/>Blaise LAMBERT*<br/>Photographe, infographie 3D - Indépendant, Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Ingénierie, géomètrie et géomatique</b><br/> <br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA, spécialiste <br/>scanner et modélisation 3D <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/>Christian HALLER*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Officiel - Christian Haller SA, <br/>Ingénieur géomètre officiel, Genève<br/><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD* <br/>Géomètre-Expert DPLG - Christian Haller SA, <br/>Ingénieur géomètre officiel, Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Étude des mouvements tectoniques<br/>du Relief Auguste Magnin</b><br/> <br/>Jean-Philippe EBERST <br/>Ingénieur géomètre INSA - HYP-ARC SA, Société de <br/>géomètres Expert, Archamps, France<br/><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, géomatique <br/>Suisse, Genève<br/><br/></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_4" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/>Philippe SCHOLTES<br/>Géomètre-Expert DPLG - HYP-ARC SA, Société de <br/>géomètres Expert, Archamps, France<br/><br/><br/><b>Modélisation 3D</b><br/><br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA, spécialiste <br/>scanner et modélisation 3D <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/>Christian HALLER* <br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Officiel - Christian Haller SA, <br/>Ingénieur géomètre officiel, Genève<br/><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, géomatique <br/>Suisse, Genève<br/><br/>Jacques RICHARD<br/>Professeur HES - Haute école du paysage, d'ingénierie <br/>et d'architecture de Genève (HEPIA)<br/><br/><br/><b>Algorithme de transfert de la modélisation 3D<br/>du Relief en coordonnées nationales suisses</b><br/> <br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA, spécialiste <br/>scanner et modélisation 3D <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_5" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, géomatique <br/>Suisse, Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Textures</b><br/><br/>David DESBUISSON* <br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA, spécialiste <br/>scanner et modélisation 3D <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/>Frédéric HOPP Infographiste et designer <br/>- EIGHTVFX, USA<br/><br/>Blaise LAMBERT*<br/>Photographe, infographiste 3D - Indépendant, Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Ingénieries informatiques</b><br/> <br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA, <br/>spécialiste scanner et modélisation 3D <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/>Pierre-Alain LINDEMANN* <br/>Expert en animation et développement 3D <br/>- DEPTH SA Informatique, Collombey (VS)<br/><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, géomatique <br/>Suisse, Genève<br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page3" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_6" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><b>Numérisation de la documentation, <br/>Centre d'iconographie de la Bibliothèque de Genève</b><br/> <br/>Odile DECRE<br/>Conservatrice du Centre d'iconographie genevoise, <br/>Bibliothèque de Genève - Ville de Genève <br/><br/>David GUBLER<br/>GUBLER AG Microfilm<br/><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, géomatique <br/>Suisse, Genève<br/> <br/><br/><b>Lumières</b><br/><br/>VOGT SA, Oberdiessbach<br/><br/><br/><b>Instruments de mesures</b><br/><br/>LEICA, Geosystems Instruments de mesures, Renens<br/><br/><br/><b>Algorithmes de promenade piétonne<br/>pour le web</b><br/> <br/>Pierre-Alain LINDEMANN*<br/>Expert en animation et développement 3D <br/>- DEPTH SA Informatique, Collombey (VS)<br/> </div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_7" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/>Merci aux nombreux-ses étudiant-e-s de l’HEPIA et <br/>collaborateur-trice-s des sociétés impliquées dans <br/>l’étape 1 qui n’ont pas pu être cité-e-s<br/> <br/><br/><b>Financement</b><br/><br/>Le Projet Relief Auguste Magnin Étape 1 (PRAM 1) a <br/>été financé par la Ville de Genève, la République et <br/>canton de Genève et la Confédération suisse<br/><br/><br/><h2 >PRAM 2 - Travaux de déploiement du Relief <br/>de Genève en 1850 dans le cadastre <br/>officiel, réalisation d’un modèle numérique <br/>3D, application de textures, intégration <br/>dans un décor, production des images et <br/>des outils web pour la promenade piétonne sur le web</h2><br/><b>Comité scientifique Ville-Canton<br/>chargé de contrôler les travaux de l’étape 2</b><br/> <br/>Nicolas COMINOLI<br/>Président du Comité scientifique, Conseiller <br/>scientifique à la Direction du Département de la culture <br/>et du sport - Ville de Genève<br/><br/>Alexandre FIETTE <br/>Conservateur responsable de la Maison Tavel, Musée <br/>d'art et d'histoire - Ville de Genève<br/></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_8" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"> <br/>Nicolas SCHAETTI<br/>Conservateur responsable du Centre d'iconographie, <br/>Bibliothèque de Genève - Ville de Genève<br/><br/>Matthieu DE LA CORBIÈRE<br/>Directeur du service de l’inventaire des monuments <br/>d’art et d’histoire - République et canton de Genève<br/><br/>Pierre FLÜCKIGER<br/>Archiviste d’Etat - République et Canton de Genève<br/><br/>Laurent NIGGELER<br/>Géomètre cantonal, Directeur de la mensuration <br/>officielle - République et canton de Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Autres participations de la Ville de Genève</b><br/><br/>Félicien MAZZOLA<br/>Conseiller personnel de M. Sami Kanaan, Direction du <br/>Département de la culture et du sport<br/><br/>Véronique LOMBARD<br/>Responsable de l'unité publics et promotion, Direction <br/>du Département de la culture et du sport<br/><br/>Olivier DESLARZES<br/>Responsable multimédia, Direction du Département de <br/>la culture et du sport<br/><br/>Douglas EDEN<br/>Administrateur de bases de données, Direction des <br/>systèmes d'information et de communication<br/></div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page4" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_9" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"> <br/>Pierre-André LOIZEAU<br/>Directeur des Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques<br/><br/>Pascal MARTIN<br/>Adjoint scientifique, Conservatoire et Jardin <br/>botaniques<br/><br/><br/><b>Aspects juridiques</b><br/><br/>Guillaume ZUBER<br/>Directeur du Service de surveillance des communes - <br/>République et canton de Genève
<br/>Anne DUCROT<br/>Juriste, Service juridique - Ville de Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Coordination des travaux</b><br/> <br/>Christian HALLER*<br/>Pilote administratif, Ingénieur géomètre officiel suisse -<br/> Christian Haller SA, Ingénieur géomètre officiel, <br/>Genève <br/><br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Pilote technique, ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, <br/>géomatique Suisse<br/><br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Copilote technique, Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe <br/>INSA - TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France</div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_10" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"> <br/><b>Photographies</b><br/><br/>Blaise LAMBERT*<br/>Photographe, infographiste 3D - Indépendant, Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Infographistes & texture HD</b><br/> <br/>Blaise LAMBERT*<br/>Photographe, infographiste 3D - Indépendant, Genève<br/> <br/>Frédéric HOPP<br/>Infographiste et designer - EIGHTVFX, USA<br/> <br/>Pierre-Alain LINDEMANN*<br/>Expert en animation et développement 3D <br/>- DEPTH SA Informatique, Collombey (VS)<br/><br/><br/><b>Eclairages, rendu 3D<br/>et ferme de rendu 3D</b><br/><br/>Pierre-Alain LINDEMANN*<br/>Expert en animation et développement 3D <br/>- DEPTH SA Informatique, Collombey (VS)<br/><br/><br/><b>Développements informatiques</b><br/> <br/>Gaëtan MARTIN<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA - Christian <br/>Haller SA, Ingénieur géomètre officiel, Genève</div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_11" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"> <br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/> <br/>Pierre-Alain LINDEMANN*<br/>Expert en animation et développement 3D <br/>- DEPTH SA Informatique, Collombey (VS)<br/> <br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Pilote technique, ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, <br/>géomatique, Genève<br/><br/>Avec les conseils avisés de Gérard DEUBER*<br/>Archéologue et historien à Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Géomètres et géomatiques</b><br/><br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Copilote technique - Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe <br/>INSA - TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/>Julien VESSELLA<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre ESGT <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France <br/><br/>Hugues DE LAMBILLY<br/>Technicien géomètre - TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France<br/><br/>Gaëtan MARTIN<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA - Christian <br/>Haller SA, Ingénieur géomètre officiel, Genève</div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_page5" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: 19px; left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; width:1280px; height:652px; overflow:hidden;"><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_12" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"> <br/>Thierry SANGOUARD*<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, <br/>géomatique Suisse, Genève<br/><br/>Rémi BEAUVAIS<br/>Ingénieur géomaticien - SPATIAL SA, <br/>géomatique Suisse, Genève<br/> <br/>Frédéric TAURELLE<br/>Ingénieur géomètre INSA - Christian Haller SA, <br/>Ingénieur géomètre officiel, Genève<br/> <br/>Samuel DUNANT<br/>Ingénieur géomètre officiel suisse - HKD <br/>Géomatiques, Ingénieurs géomètres officiels Genève<br/> <br/>Guillaume BIZOUARD<br/>Ingénieur géomètre INSA - MBC SA, Ingénieurs <br/>géomètres officiels Genève<br/> <br/>Nadine COUDERQ<br/>Ingénieure géomètre officiel suisse - MBC SA, <br/>Ingénieurs géomètres officiels Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Textures</b><br/><br/>David DESBUISSON*<br/>Ingénieur Géomètre Topographe INSA, spécialiste <br/>scanner et modélisation 3D <br/>- TPLM-3D SARL, Givors, France</div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_13" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/>Frédéric HOPP<br/>Infographiste et designer - EIGHTVFX, USA<br/><br/>Blaise LAMBERT*<br/>Photographe, infographiste 3D - Indépendant, Genève<br/><br/><br/><b>Algorithmes de promenade piétonne<br/>sur internet</b><br/> <br/>Pierre-Alain LINDEMANN*<br/>Expert en animation et développement 3D <br/>- DEPTH SA Informatique, Collombey (VS)<br/><br/><br/><b>Vulgarisation et communication</b><br/> <br/>Pierre-André MAGNIN*<br/>Communication in Science Sàrl, Genève<br/><br/><br/>Un grand merci aux nombreux-ses autres <br/>collaborateur-trice-s des sociétés impliquées qui <br/>n’ont pas pu être cité-e-s.<br/><br/><br/><h3 style="padding-top: 5px; font-size: 10pt;" >* Member of the gE-story Association </h3><br/> </div><div id="87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_14" class="column" style="width:30.50945%; float: left; min-height: 10px; overflow: hidden;"><br/><br/><br/><br/><div class="illustration" style="position: relative; left:-10px; top: 0px; display: inline-block; " ><a><img src="../../_res/_img/acteurs.svg" width="360" height="340" /></a></div><br/><h2 >Acknowledgements</h2>All who contributed to this project<br/>wish to express thanks to a great<br/>private foundation in Geneva for its<br/>encouragement and financial support.</div><br style="clear:both;"></div><div id="ui_87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageSelector" align="right" style="position: absolute; top: 690px; left: 860px; font-size: 16pt; width:380px; height:30px;">pages :<div id='ui_87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_spacer' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a>0</a></div><div id='ui_87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageLink_1' style='display: inline-block; width: 10px; visibility: hidden' ><a onclick='p_ProtoZone.m_getInstance().m_gotoSubPage(arguments[0],"87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917",1)' href='javascript:void(0);'>1</a></div><div id='ui_87b34614-9e0f-11e7-a348-00155da4e917_pageNumber_1'style='position: relative; 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